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Aliona Kolesnik
Form 11-C                                                   
 James Joyce
(1882-1941)

      PRIVATEJoyce, James Augustine Aloysius (1882-1941), Irish novelist and poet, whose psychological perceptions and innovative literary techniques, as demonstrated in his epic novel Ulysses, make him one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Joyce was born in Dublin on February 2, 1882, the son of a poverty-stricken civil servant. He was educated at Jesuit  schools, including University College, Dublin. Raised in the Roman Catholic faith, he broke with the church while he was in college. In 1904 he left Dublin with Nora Barnacle, a chambermaid whom he eventually married. They and their two children lived in Trieste, Italy, in Paris, and in Zurich, Switzerland, meagerly supported by Joyce's jobs as a language instructor and by gifts from patrons. In 1907 Joyce suffered an attack of iritis, the first of the severe eye troubles that led to near blindness. After 20 years in Paris, early in World War II, when the Germans invaded France, Joyce moved to Zurich, where he died on January 13, 1941.

       James Joyce was the first who introduce the psychological discoveries of S. Freud into fiction. He did not write very much, but what he wrote was revolutionary. After his first books, “The Dubliners” – brilliant short stories of simple citizens of Dublin – and “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” – an auto biographical report of his own youth – he developed the rest of his own life only to two books. The first, “Ulysses” , takes us through the idle wanderings of a Dublin Jew, Leopold Bloom, from the beginning to the end of one single day. The fusion of facts and feelings, of external events and internal reflections is so disconcerting that you are often puzzled, sometimes bored and sometimes left like an idiot. But reading on, you are so inevitably forced into the dark and mysterious atmosphere of the hero’s life and thoughts that you cannot evade the singular “streams of consciousness” which to bring forth is the author’s single aim. Even move complicated and difficult to read is his second book: “Finnegan’s Wake”, which adds to the day-light of consciousness the confusing night-dreams of the subconscious, a single stream of incomprehensible mysteries and visions, floating like broken fragments of the mind in the vast ocean of the human soul”. – In order to get a first impression of Joyce’s psychological attempts it is