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University education
The are 44 universities (not counting  the Open university*) in Britain.  Although the  Government is responsible for  providing about 80 per cent of universities’ income it does not control  their or teaching nor does it have direct dealing with the universities. The grants  are distributed by the University Grants Committee, a body appointed by the Secretary of  State for Education and Science.
The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the Scottish Universities of  St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh  from the fifteenth and sixteen centuries. All the other universities were founded in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries.
There are five other institutions where the work is of university standard: the University of Manchester Institute of Science and technology; the two postgraduate business schools which are supported jointly by industry and the Government  - the  Manchester Business School and the London Graduate School of Business Studies, associated with the London School of Economics and the Imperial College of  Science and Technology; Cranfield Institute of  Technology for mainly postgraduate work in aeronautics and other subjects; and Royal College of Art.

Studies and degrees

Courses in arts and science are offered  by most universities. Imperial  College, London, the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and some of the newer universities concentrate on technology although they also offer a number of courses in social studies, modern languages and other non-technological subjects. About 45 per cent of full-time university students in Grate Britain are talking arts or social studies courses and 41 per cent science and technology: about 10 per are studying medicine, dentistry and health, and the remainder agriculture, forestry, veterinary science, architecture and town and country planning.
University degree courses generally extend over three or four years, though in medicine, dentistry and veterinary  science five or six years are required. The first degree of Bachelor(Master  in the arts faculties of the older Scottish universities) is  awarded on the  completion of such a course, depending on satisfactory examination results. Further study or research is required at the modern universities for the degree  of Master and by all universities for that of Doctor. Actual degree titles vary according to the practice of each university. A uniform standard of degree throughout the country is ensured by having external examiners on all examining boards. In the last decades there has been a tendency for degree courses to become more broadly based in subject matter, particularly in the new universities.
University teaching combines lectures, practical classes (in scientific subjects) and small group teaching in either seminars or tutorials.
Most member of the academic staff devote time to